Best Fighter MMA Shorts: Top Fight Gear

Best Fighter MMA Shorts: Top Fight Gear

Mixed martial arts (MMA) apparel has evolved alongside the sport itself. Specifically designed combat shorts, crucial for unrestricted movement and grappling, are now standard attire in professional and amateur competitions. These garments typically feature durable, flexible fabrics, reinforced stitching, and a tailored fit that avoids excess material which could hinder an athlete’s performance. A typical example would be shorts made of a polyester-spandex blend, featuring a hook-and-loop closure system and side slits for optimal range of motion.

The development of specialized fightwear has significantly contributed to athlete safety and performance. Early MMA competition saw participants wearing a variety of athletic shorts, often unsuitable for the demands of the sport. Modern designs minimize the risk of wardrobe malfunctions or entanglement during grappling exchanges. The tailored fit and flexible fabrics allow for a full range of kicks, punches, and takedowns. This evolution in fightwear reflects the growing professionalism and technical sophistication of MMA.

From fabric technology and construction to design aesthetics and branding, this article will delve further into the various aspects of modern combat shorts and their significance in the world of mixed martial arts. Subsequent sections will explore the key features to look for when selecting suitable shorts, the leading brands in the market, and the future trends shaping the development of MMA apparel.

Tips for Selecting Combat Shorts

Choosing appropriate attire is crucial for optimal performance and safety in mixed martial arts. The following tips offer guidance for selecting suitable combat shorts.

Tip 1: Prioritize Mobility: Ensure the shorts allow for unrestricted movement in all directions. Look for designs with flexible fabrics and strategically placed slits or gussets.

Tip 2: Consider Material and Durability: Opt for durable, tear-resistant fabrics that can withstand the rigors of grappling and striking. Reinforced stitching is also essential for longevity.

Tip 3: Secure Closure System: A secure closure system is vital to prevent wardrobe malfunctions during competition or training. A reliable drawstring or hook-and-loop system is recommended.

Tip 4: Proper Fit: Shorts should fit snugly without restricting movement. Avoid excessively loose or baggy designs that could become entangled during grappling.

Tip 5: Sublimated Graphics (Optional): If personalized aesthetics are desired, consider shorts with sublimated graphics, as they are more durable and less likely to peel or crack compared to traditional screen printing.

Tip 6: Try Before Buying (If Possible): Whenever feasible, trying on shorts before purchasing allows for an accurate assessment of fit, comfort, and range of motion.

Tip 7: Consider the Rules and Regulations: Certain MMA organizations may have specific rules and regulations regarding the color or design of fight shorts. Verify compliance before competition.

Following these guidelines will help ensure athletes select combat shorts that enhance performance, provide comfort, and adhere to safety standards. Selecting proper attire allows practitioners to focus on training and competition without the distraction of ill-fitting or unsuitable gear.

By understanding the key features and considerations for selecting combat shorts, athletes can make informed decisions and optimize their performance in the cage or on the mat. The following section will conclude this exploration of MMA apparel.

1. Durability

1. Durability, Fight

Durability stands as a critical factor in the effectiveness of fighter MMA shorts. The demanding nature of mixed martial arts, with its dynamic movements, grappling, and striking, subjects athletic apparel to significant stress. Shorts lacking sufficient durability are prone to tearing, ripping, and seam failures, potentially compromising an athlete’s performance and safety. A ripped seam, for example, can restrict movement or even lead to a wardrobe malfunction during a crucial moment in a match. The rigorous training regimens undertaken by MMA fighters further necessitate durable gear that can withstand constant wear and tear. Repeated grappling and friction against training mats can quickly degrade inferior materials.

The construction of durable MMA shorts involves several key elements. High-tenacity fabrics, such as ripstop polyester or nylon blends, provide a robust foundation. Reinforced stitching, particularly in high-stress areas like the seams and gussets, further enhances the shorts’ resistance to tearing. The quality of the closure system also contributes to overall durability. A well-constructed drawstring or hook-and-loop closure is less likely to fail under pressure, ensuring the shorts remain securely in place throughout a match or training session. Consideration of these construction details ensures athletes can rely on their gear, minimizing distractions and maximizing performance.

The long-term cost-effectiveness of durable MMA shorts should also be considered. While a higher initial investment may be required for superior quality, the extended lifespan of durable shorts ultimately offsets this cost. Replacing frequently damaged shorts becomes a recurring expense, both financially and in terms of time spent searching for new gear. Investing in durable shorts from the outset allows athletes to focus on training and competition without the recurring inconvenience of equipment failure. Understanding the relationship between durability and performance, and the associated long-term cost benefits, guides informed purchasing decisions for both amateur and professional athletes.

2. Flexibility

2. Flexibility, Fight

Flexibility in fighter MMA shorts is paramount for unrestricted movement and optimal performance. The dynamic nature of mixed martial arts requires a full range of motion for executing techniques effectively and safely. Restrictive attire can hinder performance, limit agility, and even increase the risk of injury. This section explores the multifaceted connection between flexibility and fighter MMA shorts.

  • Range of Motion

    Unrestricted range of motion is essential for executing kicks, punches, takedowns, and grappling maneuvers. Shorts constructed from inflexible materials or with inadequate design features can severely limit an athlete’s ability to perform these actions. For instance, a high kick requires significant hip and leg flexibility, which can be impeded by restrictive shorts. The consequences can range from reduced power and effectiveness of techniques to an increased risk of muscle strains or tears. Flexible shorts allow fighters to move fluidly and dynamically, maximizing their potential in the cage or ring.

  • Comfort and Mobility

    Comfort and mobility are interconnected aspects of flexibility. Shorts that allow for free and natural movement contribute significantly to an athlete’s overall comfort during training and competition. Constrictive shorts can cause chafing, discomfort, and distractions, negatively impacting focus and performance. Flexible materials and well-designed features, such as strategically placed slits and gussets, enhance comfort and mobility. This enables fighters to concentrate on their technique and strategy without the hindrance of ill-fitting attire. The increased comfort translates to improved performance and reduces the likelihood of distractions caused by discomfort.

  • Durability and Flexibility

    The relationship between flexibility and durability in fighter MMA shorts is crucial. While flexibility is essential, it should not come at the expense of durability. Shorts must be able to withstand the rigors of intense training and competition without tearing or losing their shape. Modern manufacturing techniques allow for the creation of fabrics that are both flexible and durable. Ripstop nylon and polyester blends, for example, offer excellent tear resistance while maintaining flexibility. This combination of properties ensures that the shorts provide lasting performance and comfort without compromising movement or structural integrity.

  • Breathability and Temperature Regulation

    Flexibility influences breathability and temperature regulation in fighter MMA shorts. Flexible fabrics often allow for better air circulation, aiding in moisture wicking and temperature control. This is particularly important during intense physical activity, where overheating can negatively impact performance. Shorts that restrict airflow can trap heat and moisture, leading to discomfort and reduced performance. Flexible, breathable fabrics help maintain a comfortable body temperature, allowing athletes to perform at their best without being hampered by excessive heat or perspiration. This contributes to optimal performance and stamina throughout training and competition.

The interplay of these facets underscores the crucial role of flexibility in fighter MMA shorts. From the execution of dynamic techniques to comfort and durability, flexibility is integral to optimal performance and safety. Selecting shorts that prioritize flexibility empowers athletes to train and compete at their highest potential without the limitations of restrictive attire.

3. Secure Closure

3. Secure Closure, Fight

Secure closure systems in fighter MMA shorts are crucial for maintaining an athlete’s focus and preventing wardrobe malfunctions that could compromise performance or safety. A poorly designed or faulty closure system can become a significant distraction during training or competition. This can disrupt an athlete’s concentration and negatively impact their ability to execute techniques effectively. Moreover, a malfunctioning closure can lead to wardrobe issues, potentially creating an unfair advantage for an opponent or even resulting in injury. This section examines the key facets of secure closure systems in fighter MMA shorts.

  • Types of Closure Systems

    Several closure systems are commonly used in fighter MMA shorts, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Traditional drawstring closures offer simplicity and adjustability but can become untied during grappling or striking exchanges. Hook-and-loop systems, often utilizing Velcro-style fasteners, provide a more secure closure but can be prone to wear and tear over time. A newer innovation involves internal elastic waistbands with a flat, non-abrasive closure system, offering a streamlined and secure fit that minimizes the risk of entanglement or discomfort. The choice of closure system depends on individual preferences and the specific demands of the sport.

  • Importance of Durability and Reliability

    The durability and reliability of the closure system are paramount. Repeated use, exposure to sweat and moisture, and the stresses of grappling and striking can all take a toll on the closure mechanism. A well-constructed closure system should be resistant to wear and tear, ensuring it remains secure and functional throughout rigorous training sessions and competitions. Reinforced stitching and high-quality materials contribute to the longevity and dependability of the closure system. A failing closure system can lead to distractions, discomfort, and potential safety hazards during training or competition.

  • Impact on Performance and Safety

    The security of the closure directly impacts both performance and safety. A secure closure allows athletes to focus entirely on their technique and strategy, without the distraction of constantly adjusting their shorts or worrying about wardrobe malfunctions. This enhanced focus can translate to improved performance and reduced risk of injury. Conversely, an insecure closure can be a significant distraction, diverting attention away from the task at hand and potentially leading to mistakes or vulnerabilities during competition. A secure closure system also minimizes the risk of wardrobe malfunctions that could compromise safety or create an unfair advantage for an opponent. This allows for uninterrupted focus on training and performance.

  • Integration with Overall Short Design

    The closure system should be seamlessly integrated with the overall design of the shorts. It should complement the materials, fit, and functionality of the garment. A well-designed closure system lies flat against the body, minimizing the risk of entanglement or discomfort during grappling exchanges. It should also be easy to adjust and secure, even with sweaty or gloved hands. The integration of the closure system with other design elements contributes to the overall comfort, performance, and durability of the shorts. This comprehensive approach to design prioritizes both form and function.

In conclusion, a secure and reliable closure system is an essential component of well-designed fighter MMA shorts. It plays a critical role in maintaining focus, preventing distractions, and ensuring safety during training and competition. By understanding the various types of closure systems, prioritizing durability and reliability, and considering the impact on performance and safety, athletes can make informed decisions when selecting their fightwear. A properly functioning closure system contributes significantly to an athlete’s overall comfort and confidence, allowing them to perform at their best without the hindrance of ill-fitting or unreliable gear.

4. Optimal Fit

4. Optimal Fit, Fight

Optimal fit in fighter MMA shorts significantly influences performance, comfort, and safety. A proper fit allows for unrestricted movement, crucial for executing techniques effectively. Ill-fitting shorts can hinder mobility, restrict range of motion, and compromise an athlete’s ability to perform optimally. Baggy shorts may become entangled during grappling exchanges, presenting a safety hazard and potentially creating an unfair advantage for an opponent. Conversely, excessively tight shorts can restrict blood flow and limit flexibility, increasing the risk of muscle strains or tears. The ideal fit allows for a full range of motion while remaining secure and comfortable, eliminating distractions and allowing athletes to focus on their technique and strategy. For instance, a fighter executing a high kick requires unrestricted hip and leg movement; properly fitted shorts facilitate this movement, while ill-fitting shorts may impede the kick’s execution or even cause injury.

The practical implications of optimal fit extend beyond mere comfort. Properly fitted shorts contribute to improved performance by allowing athletes to move freely and execute techniques with precision and power. This can be a decisive factor in competition, where even small differences in performance can determine the outcome. Moreover, optimal fit enhances safety by minimizing the risk of wardrobe malfunctions and entanglement during grappling. This reduces the potential for injuries and ensures a fair and competitive environment. Consider a fighter attempting a takedown; loose shorts could become entangled, hindering the maneuver and potentially exposing the fighter to a counterattack. Conversely, tight shorts could restrict movement, reducing the effectiveness of the takedown attempt.

Achieving optimal fit requires careful consideration of factors such as waist size, inseam length, and overall cut. Athletes should prioritize shorts that fit snugly but allow for unrestricted movement in all directions. Trying on shorts before purchase, if possible, is highly recommended to ensure a proper fit. Understanding the relationship between optimal fit and performance is crucial for both amateur and professional fighters seeking to maximize their potential and compete safely. Properly fitted shorts provide the foundation for optimal athletic performance, ensuring comfort, safety, and the ability to execute techniques effectively. This allows athletes to concentrate on their training and competition without the distraction of ill-fitting gear.

5. Reinforced Stitching

5. Reinforced Stitching, Fight

Reinforced stitching in fighter MMA shorts is crucial for durability and longevity, directly impacting an athlete’s performance and safety. The demanding nature of mixed martial arts, with its intense grappling, striking, and dynamic movements, places significant stress on athletic apparel. Standard stitching often proves inadequate, leading to seam failures and tears that compromise the shorts’ integrity. Reinforced stitching techniques mitigate these risks, ensuring the shorts withstand the rigors of training and competition.

  • Stress Points and Seam Integrity

    Reinforced stitching addresses critical stress points in fighter MMA shorts, such as the inseam, gusset, and waistband. These areas experience the most significant strain during dynamic movements and grappling exchanges. Reinforced stitching, often employing multiple rows of stitching or bar tacks, strengthens these areas, enhancing seam integrity and preventing premature wear and tear. This reinforcement is essential for ensuring the shorts remain intact during intense training sessions and competitions, minimizing the risk of wardrobe malfunctions that could compromise performance or safety. A secure inseam, for example, is crucial for preventing rips during high kicks or grappling maneuvers.

  • Durability and Longevity

    Reinforced stitching contributes significantly to the overall durability and longevity of fighter MMA shorts. By strengthening vulnerable areas, it extends the lifespan of the garment, reducing the need for frequent replacements. This is particularly important considering the significant investment athletes make in high-quality fightwear. Reinforced stitching ensures a return on that investment by maximizing the usable life of the shorts. This enhanced durability translates to fewer disruptions in training due to equipment failure and reduces the long-term cost of replacing worn-out gear.

  • Types of Reinforced Stitching

    Various reinforced stitching techniques are employed in the construction of fighter MMA shorts. Double and triple-stitched seams provide added strength and resistance to tearing. Bar tacks, a dense series of overlapping stitches, reinforce stress points and prevent seam separation. Flatlock stitching creates a flat, comfortable seam that minimizes chafing and irritation. The choice of stitching technique depends on the specific area of the shorts and the level of stress it is expected to endure. For instance, bar tacks are often used at the ends of seams or stress points on pockets.

  • Impact on Performance and Safety

    Reinforced stitching directly impacts an athlete’s performance and safety. Durable shorts with reinforced stitching allow for unrestricted movement and peace of mind during training and competition. This enhanced confidence translates to improved performance, as athletes can focus on their technique and strategy without worrying about equipment failure. Furthermore, reinforced stitching minimizes the risk of wardrobe malfunctions that could compromise safety or create an unfair advantage for an opponent. This secure construction contributes to a safe and fair competitive environment.

The integration of reinforced stitching in fighter MMA shorts represents a critical element in the design and construction of high-performance fightwear. It underscores the importance of durability, longevity, and safety in a sport known for its demanding physicality. By understanding the role of reinforced stitching, athletes can make informed decisions when selecting fightwear that will withstand the rigors of training and competition, ultimately contributing to improved performance and a reduced risk of injury. The combination of durable materials and reinforced construction techniques ensures that athletes can rely on their gear, allowing them to focus on maximizing their potential in the cage or ring.

6. Lightweight Material

6. Lightweight Material, Fight

Lightweight material is a critical aspect of fighter MMA shorts, directly influencing performance, comfort, and mobility. Heavier fabrics can impede movement, restrict range of motion, and contribute to fatigue, hindering an athlete’s ability to perform optimally. Lightweight materials, conversely, allow for greater freedom of movement, enhanced agility, and improved endurance. This section explores the multifaceted connection between lightweight material and fighter MMA shorts.

  • Enhanced Mobility and Agility

    Lightweight materials allow for a greater range of motion and enhanced agility, crucial for executing techniques effectively in the dynamic environment of mixed martial arts. Heavier fabrics can restrict movement, particularly during high kicks, spinning attacks, and rapid transitions. The reduced weight of the shorts minimizes resistance, allowing for quicker, more fluid movements. This enhanced mobility translates to improved performance and reduced risk of injury. A fighter executing a spinning back kick, for example, benefits significantly from the unrestricted movement afforded by lightweight shorts.

  • Improved Comfort and Reduced Fatigue

    Lightweight materials contribute to improved comfort and reduced fatigue, especially during prolonged training sessions or competitions. Heavier fabrics can feel cumbersome and restrictive, leading to discomfort and premature fatigue. Lightweight shorts, on the other hand, allow for better breathability and ventilation, reducing heat buildup and promoting comfort. This reduced weight also minimizes the energy expenditure required for movement, contributing to improved endurance and stamina. A fighter engaged in a lengthy grappling exchange will appreciate the reduced burden and enhanced comfort of lightweight shorts.

  • Moisture Management and Temperature Regulation

    Many lightweight materials used in fighter MMA shorts offer excellent moisture-wicking properties, drawing sweat away from the skin and promoting rapid evaporation. This helps regulate body temperature and maintain comfort during intense physical activity. Moisture-wicking fabrics prevent the shorts from becoming heavy and saturated with sweat, which can restrict movement and contribute to discomfort. This temperature regulation is crucial for maintaining optimal performance and preventing overheating, especially in hot and humid environments. Lightweight, moisture-wicking shorts help keep fighters cool and dry, maximizing their performance potential.

  • Durability and Longevity

    While lightweight materials are often associated with reduced durability, advancements in textile technology have led to the development of lightweight yet robust fabrics specifically designed for combat sports. These materials offer excellent tear resistance and can withstand the rigors of grappling, striking, and repeated washing without compromising their lightweight properties. Ripstop nylon and polyester blends, for example, offer a combination of lightweight performance and durability, ensuring the shorts remain functional and intact throughout rigorous training regimens and competitions. The combination of durability and lightweight construction ensures long-term performance and value.

The convergence of these facets underscores the significance of lightweight material in fighter MMA shorts. From enhanced mobility and reduced fatigue to improved comfort and moisture management, lightweight materials contribute significantly to an athlete’s overall performance and well-being. Choosing shorts constructed from lightweight, durable materials empowers athletes to train and compete at their highest potential without the limitations imposed by heavier, restrictive fabrics. This focus on lightweight performance allows fighters to move freely, execute techniques effectively, and maintain comfort throughout even the most demanding training sessions and competitions.

7. Strategic Design

7. Strategic Design, Fight

Strategic design in fighter MMA shorts transcends mere aesthetics, encompassing crucial elements that directly impact performance, comfort, and safety. Careful consideration of design elements optimizes functionality, allowing athletes to move freely, execute techniques effectively, and minimize the risk of injury or wardrobe malfunction. This exploration delves into the multifaceted relationship between strategic design and fighter MMA shorts.

  • Placement and Length of Slits/Gussets

    Strategically placed slits or gussets, typically located along the inseam and sides of the shorts, are essential for maximizing range of motion. These design features allow for unrestricted movement during high kicks, sprawling, and grappling exchanges. Slits or gussets that are too short can restrict movement and increase the risk of tearing, while excessively long slits may compromise coverage and potentially create an unfair advantage for an opponent. Precise placement and length are crucial for balancing mobility with coverage and safety. For example, high side slits facilitate dynamic kicking techniques without compromising coverage during grappling.

  • Waistband Construction and Closure System

    The waistband and closure system contribute significantly to comfort and security. A wide, elasticated waistband distributes pressure evenly, enhancing comfort and preventing the shorts from slipping or twisting during movement. The closure system, whether a drawstring, hook-and-loop, or other mechanism, should be secure and easy to adjust, even with sweaty or gloved hands. A poorly designed waistband or closure can cause discomfort, restrict movement, and become a distraction during training or competition. An internal elastic waistband with a flat closure system, for example, minimizes bulk and reduces the risk of entanglement during grappling.

  • Material Selection and Paneling

    Strategic material selection and paneling optimize flexibility, durability, and breathability. Flexible, durable fabrics, such as ripstop nylon or polyester blends, are essential for withstanding the rigors of MMA. Paneling, the use of different fabric sections strategically placed throughout the shorts, can further enhance performance. For example, stretch panels in high-mobility areas increase flexibility, while reinforced panels in high-stress areas enhance durability. Mesh panels can be incorporated to improve ventilation and breathability, particularly in areas prone to heat buildup. The strategic combination of materials and paneling optimizes performance and comfort.

  • Minimizing Unnecessary Features

    A minimalist approach to design minimizes unnecessary features that can add bulk, restrict movement, or create potential points of entanglement. Excess pockets, flaps, or embellishments can hinder performance and compromise safety. A streamlined design focuses on essential features that enhance functionality and performance without unnecessary additions. This minimalist approach reduces weight, improves mobility, and minimizes distractions during training and competition. For example, avoiding large cargo pockets reduces bulk and the risk of entanglement during grappling exchanges.

The strategic integration of these design elements in fighter MMA shorts distinguishes high-performance fightwear from standard athletic apparel. Careful consideration of slit placement, waistband construction, material selection, and minimalist design principles results in shorts that optimize mobility, comfort, and safety, allowing athletes to perform at their best without the limitations of ill-fitting or poorly designed gear. This holistic approach to design recognizes the interconnectedness of these elements and their crucial role in maximizing performance in the demanding sport of mixed martial arts.

Frequently Asked Questions about Fighter MMA Shorts

This section addresses common inquiries regarding fighter MMA shorts, providing concise and informative responses to clarify key aspects of selection, care, and usage.

Question 1: What are the primary differences between fighter MMA shorts and standard athletic shorts?

Fighter MMA shorts are specifically designed for the demands of mixed martial arts, featuring durable, flexible fabrics, reinforced stitching, and a tailored fit to allow for a full range of motion during grappling and striking. Standard athletic shorts typically lack these specialized features, potentially hindering performance and increasing the risk of wardrobe malfunctions or discomfort during MMA activities.

Question 2: How important is the material composition of fighter MMA shorts?

Material composition is crucial. Durable, lightweight, and moisture-wicking fabrics are essential for optimal performance and comfort. Fabrics like ripstop polyester or nylon blends offer excellent tear resistance and moisture management, keeping athletes cool and dry during intense training or competition.

Question 3: How do I determine the correct size and fit for fighter MMA shorts?

Shorts should fit snugly but allow for unrestricted movement. Refer to sizing charts provided by manufacturers and consider individual preferences regarding inseam length and overall fit. Trying on shorts before purchase, when possible, is recommended.

Question 4: Can fighter MMA shorts be used for other sports or activities?

While designed specifically for MMA, the flexibility and durability of fighter MMA shorts make them suitable for various athletic activities such as grappling, kickboxing, and general fitness training. However, their specialized design may not be ideal for all sports.

Question 5: What are the recommended care instructions for fighter MMA shorts?

Following manufacturer care instructions is essential for maintaining the quality and longevity of the shorts. Generally, machine washing in cold water with like colors and air drying is recommended. Avoid using bleach or fabric softeners, which can damage the fabric and compromise its performance characteristics.

Question 6: Where can authentic fighter MMA shorts be purchased?

Authentic fighter MMA shorts can be purchased from reputable sporting goods retailers, specialized combat sports stores, and online marketplaces. Ensure purchases are made from authorized dealers to guarantee product authenticity and quality.

Understanding these key aspects of fighter MMA shorts ensures informed purchasing decisions and optimal utilization of this specialized athletic apparel. Selecting appropriate gear enhances performance, comfort, and safety in the demanding sport of mixed martial arts.

The following section will offer a concluding perspective on the significance of fighter MMA shorts in the evolution of combat sports attire.

Fighter MMA Shorts

This exploration of fighter MMA shorts has highlighted their crucial role in the evolution of combat sports apparel. From their origins as adapted athletic wear to the development of specialized designs, combat shorts have become integral to both performance and safety in mixed martial arts. Key aspects such as material composition, construction techniques, and strategic design elements contribute significantly to an athlete’s ability to execute techniques effectively, maintain comfort, and minimize the risk of injury. Durable, flexible fabrics, reinforced stitching, secure closure systems, and optimal fit are essential considerations for athletes seeking to maximize their potential. The strategic placement of slits and gussets, coupled with a minimalist design approach, further enhances mobility and minimizes distractions. The synthesis of these elements defines the modern combat short, a garment meticulously engineered for the demanding physicality of mixed martial arts.

The ongoing evolution of fighter MMA shorts reflects the continuous advancements in textile technology and a deeper understanding of the biomechanics of combat sports. As the sport of mixed martial arts progresses, further innovations in design and materials are anticipated, leading to even greater enhancements in performance, comfort, and safety. The development of lighter, more durable fabrics, coupled with innovative design features, will continue to shape the future of combat sports apparel, empowering athletes to push the boundaries of human performance in the cage and beyond. This ongoing evolution underscores the significance of fighter MMA shorts, not merely as athletic apparel, but as essential equipment contributing to the advancement of mixed martial arts.

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